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Clover

Full Description

Clover refers to several cool-season legumes (primarily crimson, red, and white clover) widely used as cover crops across the U.S. for nitrogen fixation, living mulch, and soil protection. Growers choose clovers because they reliably supply N to the next crop, fit many rotations, and provide strong erosion control and ground cover for vegetables, orchards, and field crops. (sare.org)Benefits of Clover as a Cover Crop

Erosion Control: Legume cover crops including red and crimson clover have reduced soil loss 38–69% compared with no cover, and across tillage systems cover crops have cut sediment losses by up to 20.8 tons/acre in conventional till fields. This protective effect comes from surface cover plus rooting that stabilizes aggregates. (sare.org)
Weed Suppression: Crimson clover residue in conservation-tillage corn shortened the critical period of weed control (weed-free window) from 4.9 to 2.8 weeks in one year and reduced in-season weed biomass vs. conventional till or fallow, easing herbicide pressure. In dicamba-buffer studies, cereal rye/crimson clover mixtures cut horseweed densities up to 75% vs. crimson alone, highlighting the value of pairing clover with a grass for maximum suppression. (frontiersin.org, cambridge.org)
Soil Structure Improvement: Clover roots create macropores and improve aggregation. Red clover has a branched taproot penetrating to about 2 feet; white clover forms dense, shallow stolons that armor the surface; crimson clover typically roots 12–22 inches. These rooting patterns help reduce compaction near the surface and promote stable structure. (forages.oregonstate.edu, sare.org, sarep.ucdavis.edu)
Water Management: Cover crops increase infiltration; across studies, legumes including crimson and strawberry clover increased infiltration 39–528%, and a Georgia study reported a 100% increase under crimson clover compared with no cover. Better infiltration reduces runoff and keeps soil in place. (sare.org, acsess.onlinelibrary.wiley.com)
Disease/Pest Break: Rotating out of cereals into a legume like clover breaks many grass crop disease cycles; additionally, crimson clover root exudates can stimulate hatching of soybean cyst nematode (SCN) and may function as a trap crop (non-host) in some settings, though field results are mixed—useful where SCN is problematic. Conversely, crimson and some other legumes can increase root-knot nematode populations; avoid preceding susceptible crops like sweetpotato in infested fields. (apsjournals.apsnet.org, pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov)
Nitrogen Management: Typical N contributions when allowed to reach bud/early bloom are 70–150 lb N/acre (crimson or red clover) and 80–130 lb N/acre (white clover). White clover’s low C:N stems/leaves release N rapidly after termination; proper inoculation and soil pH are critical to nodulation and N fixation. (sare.org)
Biomass Production: Crimson clover commonly produces 3,500–6,000 lb dry matter/acre (and up to ~7,800 lb in favorable Mid-Atlantic trials); full-season red clover produces roughly 2–4 tons dry matter/acre (4,000–8,000 lb). (sare.org)

Planting and Management Advice

Seeding Rate (drill AND broadcast):
- Crimson clover: 15–18 lb/acre drilled; 22–30 lb/acre broadcast. (sare.org)
- Red clover: 6–15 lb/acre total; use the lower end when drilled and the higher end when broadcast. (extension.psu.edu)
- White clover (ladino/intermediate types): 5–9 lb/acre drilled; 7–14 lb/acre broadcast. (sare.org)
- Note: Many extension tables list cool-season clovers at 0.25–0.5 inch depth and show higher broadcast than drill rates; reduce drill rates 20–30% compared with broadcasting. (extension.msstate.edu)
Seeding Depth:
- All clovers: sow shallow—about 0.25 to 0.5 inch; do not exceed 0.5 inch or emergence suffers. (extension.msstate.edu, extension.psu.edu)
Soil Type and pH:
- Crimson: best on well-drained soils (especially sandy loams); nodulation and N fixation fail around pH 5.0 and are hindered by low P and K; aim for near-neutral pH. (sare.org)
- Red clover: thrives on fertile, well-drained to somewhat poorly drained soils; optimum pH about 5.8–7.5 (tolerates ~5.1–8.4). (forages.oregonstate.edu)
- White clover: performs best on clay/loam soils; tolerates pH down to ~5.5, but grows best near neutral. (sare.org)
Planting Time (seasonal windows by region):
- Upper Midwest & Northeast: Frost-seed red or white clover in late Feb–March (broadcast onto frozen ground during freeze–thaw). After small grain harvest, seed red clover or white clover in August; for white clover late-summer seedings, target ≥40 days before first killing frost. (extension.psu.edu, sare.org)
- Mid-Atlantic/North-Central: Crimson clover as a winter annual should be planted 6–8 weeks before the average first frost (often early–mid August in the northern edge of its range). (sare.org)
- Southeast and Gulf Coast (warmer Zone 8+): Plant crimson clover in September–mid November depending on location; it reliably overwinters and can be seeded until mid-November in the lower Coastal Plain. (sare.org)
- North Carolina example windows (for reference): Crimson clover—Aug 25 to Oct 1 in the Piedmont; Sept 1–30 (preferred) in the Coastal Plain. (content.ces.ncsu.edu)
- West Coast (Mediterranean climates): Fall seeding (September–October) is preferred; spring seeding usually needs irrigation and often yields poorly. (sarep.ucdavis.edu)
Termination (methods and timing):
- Mechanical: Mow crimson clover at early bud to flowering to terminate; red clover can be mowed/chopped once bloom begins and then incorporated or suppressed for no-till planting. Roller crimpers can aid termination of legumes only at late bloom and are often paired with herbicides for reliability. (canr.msu.edu, sare.org)
- Chemical: For red clover, Penn State recommends 2,4‑D LVE plus dicamba (with atrazine for residual) 7–14 days before or 3–5 days after planting corn; glyphosate alone is unreliable on established legumes. Always follow label and crop-plantback restrictions. (extension.psu.edu)
- Timing with crop insurance (NRCS/RMA guidelines): Terminate based on your zone—Zone 1 generally ≥35 days before planting; Zone 2 about ≥15 days; Zone 3 at or before planting (non‑irrigated). Irrigated systems terminate before cash crop emergence. Consult the current NRCS/RMA termination guidance for your county. (rma.usda.gov, sare.org)
- Pest “green bridge”: To reduce risk of insect pests moving from clover residue into soybeans, terminate 3–4 weeks before planting or plan for additional scouting/seed treatments if planting green. (soybeans.ces.ncsu.edu)
Rotational Considerations (what to avoid before/after):
- Herbicide carryover: Small‑seeded legumes like clovers are among the most sensitive to residual ALS, PPO, PSII, and HPPD herbicides; check rotational intervals on labels and extension tables before establishing clover (e.g., fomesafen, imazethapyr, mesotrione can injure clovers). (agcrops.osu.edu)
- Nematodes: In fields with root‑knot nematode (Meloidogyne spp.) history, avoid using crimson clover before susceptible crops (e.g., sweetpotato), as legume covers can increase RKN populations; consider cereals instead. Where SCN is the main concern, crimson clover may function as a trap crop, but field responses vary—monitor populations. (pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov, apsjournals.apsnet.org)
- Following crops: Clover is an excellent preceding crop for corn and many vegetables due to its N credit. In soybean systems with a history of white mold or high early‑season insect pressure, manage termination timing and residue carefully to reduce risk. (soybeans.ces.ncsu.edu)
Water Requirements and Drought Tolerance:
- Red clover needs roughly 25–40 inches of annual precipitation or irrigation; it is moderately drought tolerant compared with other cool‑season legumes. Crimson and white clover establish best in cool, moist conditions; white clover tolerates short droughts but performs best with reliable moisture. (forages.oregonstate.edu, sare.org)

Additional practical notes:

Inoculation: Use the correct Rhizobium (R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii for clovers) when clover hasn’t been grown recently on the field. Adequate P and K and pH near neutral are important for nodulation and N fixation. (sare.org)
Mixtures: Pairing clover with a cereal (e.g., rye or oats) improves erosion control and weed suppression, while the clover supplies N to the mix and next crop. (sare.org)
Living mulch management (white clover): Maintain 2–3 inch mowing height to avoid competition; terminate or suppress well ahead of planting if moisture is limiting. (sare.org)

These numbers reflect recent research and extension guidance and should be fine‑tuned with your local Extension office or NRCS planner for your specific soil, herbicide history, and planting dates.

Quantity in Lbs

40 matches

Alsike

Alsike clover is the problem‑site clover—thriving on poorly drained, low‑lying, acidic soils (tolerates pH ~5.0) and even withstanding up to six weeks of spring flooding—so it often succeeds where red and white clovers fail, especially in cool northern climates. (extension.umn.edu) Seed 6–10 lb/acre alone at... More

Common (Unbranded)

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $4.41/lb

Ships from MN

$8,820.00

Apache Arrowleaf

Apache Arrowleaf Clover is a Texas A&M release bred for tolerance to bean yellow mosaic virus and the lethal wilt it causes; compared with Yuchi it flowers 10–14 days earlier and delivers equal or greater total-season yield with notably higher early‑spring forage—ideal for Southern pastures.... More

Common (Unbranded)

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $2.16/lb

Ships from GA

$4,320.00

Balansa

Balansa clover (Trifolium michelianum) is a late‑maturing, winter‑hardy annual that stands out for thriving on heavy, poorly drained soils—tolerating short flooding, mild salinity, and acidic pH to about 5.0—while still reseeding well. (forages.oregonstate.edu, extension.msstate.edu) Seed at just 5 lb/acre drilled... More

Common (Unbranded)

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $3.46/lb

Ships from IA

$6,920.00

FIXation

FIXatioN is the late‑maturing, cold‑tolerant standout among balansa cultivars, repeatedly out‑surviving and out‑growing Frontier in independent NRCS trials—posting 83–98% winter survival through an Idaho −23°F winter... More

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $2.50/lb

Ships from GA

$5,000.00

N-ovator

N‑ovator is not a Balansa clover cultivar—it’s Pivot Bio’s N‑OVATOR program that verifies and pays farmers for replacing synthetic nitrogen with microbial N, i.e., a sustainability initiative rather than a seed variety.

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $2.47/lb

Ships from MN

$4,940.00

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $2.94/lb

Ships from MN

$5,880.00

Viper

Viper is a late‑flowering, long‑season balansa selected from Bolta for enhanced seed production—delivering strong self‑regeneration and persistence under grazing—and is PBR‑protected in Australia (Pristine Forage... More

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $1.96/lb

Ships from GA

$3,920.00

Berseem

Berseem (Egyptian) clover is a fast‑growing summer annual that’s the least winter‑hardy of the true annual clovers—often winter‑killing for easy spring planting—and it tolerates salinity better than red clover or alfalfa as well as wet, poorly drained soils. (sare.org, forages.oregonstate.edu) Ready for first cut... More

Balady

Balady is the berseem to choose when predictable winterkill is desired—its cold‑kill is about 20°F and fall plantings are recommended only in Zone 8+ (spring farther north), in contrast to cold‑tolerant cultivars... More

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $1.90/lb

Ships from GA

$3,800.00

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $2.16/lb

Ships from MN

$4,320.00

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $2.56/lb

Ships from MN

$5,120.00

Common (Unbranded)

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $2.73/lb

Ships from IA

$5,460.00

Crimson

Crimson is the quick, early-blooming clover—this winter annual builds biomass at lower temperatures and typically flowers earlier than other commonly grown clovers, making it ideal for fast spring N release and tight planting windows in mild‑winter regions across the Southeast and on the West Coast.... More

Common (Unbranded)

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $1.60/lb

Ships from IA

$3,200.00

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $1.75/lb

Ships from IA

$3,500.00

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $2.06/lb

Ships from NE

$4,118.00

Dixie

Dixie is the classic hard‑seeded, reliably reseeding crimson clover—developed by the Georgia Experiment Station as a synthetic of the Allen, Thornton, and Hardy strains—with dependable volunteer stands and very early... More

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $1.08/lb

Ships from GA

$2,160.00

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $1.20/lb

Ships from MN

$2,400.00

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $1.41/lb

Ships from MN

$2,820.00

Majestik

Majestik (registered as ‘Majestic’) is a medium-early crimson clover from McCarthy Research Farm selected for seedling vigor and winter hardiness; trials report standout cold tolerance plus fast early canopy (~35% in... More

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $1.30/lb

Ships from GA

$2,600.00

Ladino

Ladino is the large‑leaf, taller form of white clover that typically out‑yields Dutch/common types and shines in cool, moist, fertile or irrigated conditions, though it’s less tolerant of heat and drought than intermediate/small white clovers. Seed lightly because it spreads rapidly by stolons: about 0.5–1.0... More

Regalgraze

RegalGraze is a UGA-selected Ladino bred under intensive grazing that delivers superior grazing tolerance versus other Ladino types in UGA tests and is acyanogenic (no anti‑quality cyanogenic glucosides).... More

25 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $5.20/lb

Ships from GA

$10,400.00

Persian

Persian clover stands out for wet or heavy ground: it thrives on alkaline, clay-rich soils, tolerates waterlogging and moderate salinity, and is best adapted to warm‑winter areas (about USDA 7b–9b). (dpi.nsw.gov.au, forages.oregonstate.edu) Seed far lighter than other clovers—about 3–6 lb/acre PLS (or ~5–8 lb/acre... More

Mihi

Mihi is a late‑flowering, soft‑seeded Persian clover that pushes feed later into spring with the longest dry‑matter accumulation and strong yields (up to ~12.5 t DM/ha) in New Zealand trials, shows relatively low... More

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $2.39/lb

Ships from MN

$4,780.00

Red

Red clover is a winter‑hardy (Zone 4+) short‑lived perennial that excels in cool‑season rotations and is commonly frost‑seeded into winter wheat because it tolerates shade and germinates at low soil temperatures; choose medium red (early‑bloom, multi‑cut) for vigorous regrowth or mammoth (late, single‑cut) when you... More

Barduro

Barduro (Florida AES release, 2009) is a mid-dormant red clover bred for high resistance to root-knot nematodes and strong Southeastern adaptation—ranking among the top dry-matter yielders in upper Coastal... More

25 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $3.64/lb

Ships from GA

$7,280.00

Common (Unbranded)

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $2.65/lb

Ships from NE

$5,294.00

Kenland

Kenland (University of Kentucky, 1947) became the U.S.’s most widely used red clover for its southern adaptation—good resistance to southern anthracnose and comparatively better crown/root‑rot tolerance—providing... More

Tote or 50 lb Bag

2000 lbs

· $2.16/lb

Ships from GA

$4,320.00

Medium

Medium red clover is the quick‑regrowing, multi‑cut type—typically one cut in the seeding year and two the next—so it delivers more total biomass and nitrogen across seasons than mammoth and provides dependable... More

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $2.06/lb

Ships from MN

$4,120.00

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $2.59/lb

Ships from MN

$5,180.00

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $2.70/lb

Ships from IA

$5,400.00

50 lb Bags Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $2.85/lb

Ships from IA

$5,700.00

Redkin

Redkin is an early-flowering, multi-cut diploid red clover with an unusually broad disease package—resistance to northern and southern anthracnose plus downy mildew and black patch—and extreme winterhardiness;... More

2000 lb Totes

2000 lbs

· $2.76/lb

Ships from GA

$5,520.00

Sweet

Sweet Clover (Melilotus spp.) is the compaction‑buster among clovers: a biennial with a deep taproot that commonly reaches 4–5+ feet, built for drought and for alkaline or moderately saline soils where true clovers often falter; after a quiet first season it surges the second spring, making it a strong pick for the... More

White

White (white‑blossomed sweetclover, Melilotus albus) distinguishes itself by taller, more erect, coarser stems and a bloom that starts about 10–14 days later yet lasts longer than yellow types—extending the... More

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $3.64/lb

Ships from GA

$7,280.00

Yellow

Yellow blooms about two weeks earlier than white types and is smaller, leafier and finer‑stemmed with greater drought tolerance and easier dry‑soil establishment—trading a bit of above‑ground yield for earlier... More

Tote or 50 lb Bag

2000 lbs

· $3.64/lb

Ships from GA

$7,280.00

Yellow Blossom

Yellow Blossom sweetclover (Melilotus officinalis) differentiates itself from white sweetclover cultivars by flowering 10–14 days earlier, showing greater drought tolerance and easier establishment with finer, more... More

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $3.51/lb

Ships from MN

$7,020.00

White

White clover is a low, spreading perennial that knits a durable living mulch via stolons, tolerates close mowing (2–3 in.) and even brief flooding, and rebounds quickly after grazing or clipping—ideal where persistent groundcover is needed. (sare.org, sarep.ucdavis.edu) Seed at 5–9 lb/acre drilled or 7–14 lb/acre... More

Durana

Durana, developed at the University of Georgia by Dr. Joe Bouton from stolon‑dense Georgia ecotypes, is distinguished by exceptional persistence under heavy grazing—UGA tall‑fescue trials maintained about 43% clover... More

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $6.68/lb

Ships from GA

$13,360.00

Dutch

Dutch (intermediate) white clover stays shorter and more prostrate than ladino types, with higher stolon density and profuse flowering that drive natural reseeding and long‑term persistence under heavy grazing—making... More

Tote or 50 lb Bag

2000 lbs

· $5.25/lb

Ships from IA

$10,500.00

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $6.47/lb

Ships from NE

$12,942.00

Dutch (C/I)

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $4.43/lb

Ships from MN

$8,860.00

Dutch (raw)

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $5.31/lb

Ships from MN

$10,620.00

Ladino

Ladino is the large‑leaf, tall white clover type (originating from the Italian Ladino ecotype) that delivers the highest forage yields among white clovers and fits rotational grazing/hay systems, but compared with... More

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $6.00/lb

Ships from NE

$12,000.00

Ladino (C/I)

50 lb Bags Coated Inoculated

2000 lbs

· $4.37/lb

Ships from MN

$8,740.00

Ladino (raw)

50 lb Bags Raw

2000 lbs

· $5.24/lb

Ships from MN

$10,480.00

Yellow Blossom Sweet

Common (Unbranded)

50 lb Bags

2000 lbs

· $4.41/lb

Ships from NE

$8,824.00